Reactance to Health Warnings Scale: Development and Validation

Health warnings may be less effective if they elicit reactance, a motivation to resist a threat to freedom, yet we lack a standard measure of reactance

Adolescents' Responses to Pictorial Warnings on Their Parents' Cigarette Packs

Pictorial cigarette pack warnings are a promising policy solution to increase smoking cessation among adults. However, little is known regarding adolescents' responses to pictorial warnings, particularly in real-world settings

Testing warning messages on smokers’ cigarette packages: a standardised protocol

Lab experiments on cigarette warnings typically use a brief one-time exposure that is not paired with the cigarette packs smokers use every day, leaving open the question of how repeated warning exposure over several weeks may affect smokers. This proof of principle study sought to develop a new protocol for testing cigarette warnings that better reflects real-world exposure by presenting them on cigarette smokers’ own packs

Pictorial cigarette pack warnings: a meta-analysis of experimental studies

To inform international research and policy, we conducted a meta-analysis of the experimental literature on pictorial cigarette pack warnings

Dissection of Melanogenesis with Small Molecules Identifies Prohibitin as a Regulator

SummaryBioactive compounds can be used to selectively modulate gene function. We utilized a chemical genetic approach to dissect the mammalian pigmentation pathway and identify protein regulators. We screened a tagged library of 1170 small molecules in a cell-based assay and discovered a class of pigment-enhancing chemicals. From this class we characterized the small molecule melanogenin. Using melanogenin bound to an affinity matrix and amino acid sequencing, we identified the mitochondrial protein, prohibitin, as an intracellular binding target. Studies employing siRNA demonstrate that prohibitin is required for melanogenin to exert its propigmentary effects and reveal an unsuspected functional role for this protein in melanin induction. This represents a mechanism by which propigmentary signals are transduced and ultimately provides a potential target for the treatment of pigmentary disorders

Spectral arbitrariness for trees fails spectacularly

If $G$ is a graph and $\mathbf{m}$ is an ordered multiplicity list which is realizable by at least one symmetric matrix with graph $G$, what can we say about the eigenvalues of all such realizing matrices for $\mathbf{m}$? It has sometimes been tempting to expect, especially in the case that $G$ is a tree, that any spacing of the multiple eigenvalues should be realizable. In 2004, however, F. Barioli and S. Fallat produced the first counterexample: a tree on 16 vertices and an ordered multiplicity list for which every realizing set of eigenvalues obeys a nontrivial linear constraint. We extend this by giving an infinite family of trees and ordered multiplicity lists whose sets of realizing eigenvalues are very highly constrained, with at most 5 degrees of freedom, regardless of the size of the tree in this family. In particular, we give the first examples of multiplicity lists for a tree which impose nontrivial nonlinear eigenvalue constraints and produce an ordered multiplicity list which is achieved by a unique set of eigenvalues, up to shifting and scaling.Comment: 45 page

Effect of Pictorial Cigarette Pack Warnings on Changes in Smoking Behavior: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Pictorial warnings on cigarette packs draw attention and increase quit intentions, but their effect on smoking behavior remains uncertain

“My First Thought was Croutons”: Perceptions of Cigarettes and Cigarette Smoke Constituents Among Adult Smokers and Nonsmokers

Understanding what people think about harmful and potentially harmful constituents in cigarettes and cigarette smoke has new urgency given legislation requiring US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to disclose constituent information. Our study sought to obtain qualitative information on what people think about these constituents and the language they use to talk about them